четверг, 7 мая 2009 г.
SERVICE PROJECT
www.thepeoplespeak.org
SERVICE PROJECT
Names: Gusceac Ion, Gherasim Vasile
School: The High School “Academy of Sciences of Moldova”
Member Country: Republic of Moldova
Contact Email: pprut@mail.ru
Service Project Title: Organization process simulated with the generic "The G-8 - has a higher obligation to combat climate change.
Dates of Service Project: 21 March 2009
In one sentence, describe your service project goal.
We are going to discuss the developed leadership position in a simulated judicial process and to submit suggestions for improving the world environment and state.
What will be your message to people who participate in your service project (focus on being positive!)?
We propose you a simulated judicial process draft which includes the fallowing characters:
Judge
Prosecutor
Defense lawyer
Court clerk
Witnesses
Prime juror
There are the judge's table, the Secretary’s table, two lawyers tables and accused box (here are "Heads of governments of Member G-8) on the scene. Spectators will form the judging process and the first juror will be a previously appointed student. People present at the simulated judicial process will listen to the prosecution of developed countries governments, reveling of G-8 Member attitude towards the environment. G-8 became guilty of climate change processes through excessive use of natural resources and environmental pollution. We want that our discussions bring into light the mistakes committed by governments of developed countries and the economical operators, also, their attempts to prevent the global warming, in the order that the sentence will be right. We listen to both defendants and defenders very carefully and we consider only those samples, examples, testimonies that are based on truth. We will proceed, continue to hear witnesses.
Defendants:
Witness 1: Your Honor! I blame the governments of developed countries (USA, Canada, Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and Russia) which have not taken measures for the prevention of global warming. Please note that, governments of developed countries have approved programs of economic development, ignoring the consequences of environmental pollution on climate change. -Your Honor! Ask them if they have complied with the promises. I require punishment because the government did not respect the commitments and for the damage caused to nature. Analyzing the statistics in the media and the Internet, I asked myself whether the governments are aware of the need for urgent measures to prevent the greenhouse effect, climate change etc…
Witness 2: Honor! I blame not only the governments of developed countries but also managers of companies, as they only think of profits, they use the huge opportunities offered by nature, but do not undertake anything to improve the ecological environment. Please allow me to introduce appropriate records.
Defenders:
Witness 3: Your Honor! I consider that governments of developed countries do not have a grater blame for climate change as the less developed countries. This is a problem of previous governments adding the fact that climate change took place also caused by the changes in universe. If you compare the developed and less developed countries, namely the first ones use more environmentally friendly technologies and costs for scientific researches and educational programs.
It is true that the governments of the developed countries also bear the responsibility of climate changes, but I think that everyone should be responsible for this huge problem of our planet because each contributes to environmental pollution.
Witness 4: Honor assistance! I blame the legal and international organizations which do not take measures correctly and when they should be taken to punish the guilt of environmental pollution. The fines are low and for economical agents are more convenient to pay them than to invest in environmental technologies.
I require that all representatives of the governments of G-8 be removed under the accusation.
The accused and the defenders answer the questions of the prosecutor to clarify the status of things. The representatives of the governments of developed G-8 that puts forward their position against the controversial discussions and propose solutions to combat climate change are listened to, too.
President: Your Honor! We have listened to charges and defenders affirmations towards the governments of G-8 members and I come with the following decision:
I recognize that much has been done and there is still something undertaken to combat climate change, but there are many reservations to improve ecological status of our planet. I consider that along G-8; can be accused and other states, too. But I still consider that the developed countries have a greater obligation to contribute to the fight against global warming.
So, as a result of the discussions we have assisted, met today, 30 March 2009, the High Court
DECIDES:
1.Imposition of the total extinction of the facts as: indifference to the environment, promises made in vain, pollution actions.
2. Developed countries should develop a set of measures to combat climate change:
- Governments of developed countries will propose concrete measures to reduce substantially the quantity of gas from transport and factories thrown into the atmosphere;
- Governments should help the less developed countries to use new technologies and to train the entrepreneurs, also they should create investment funds of long standing. This will curb environmental pollution, spreading of diseases, forest fires, glacier melting, droughts and floods;
- Governments of the developed countries should strongly contribute to promoting democratic principles and human rights, transparency and accountability of governments and citizens;
- Governments of the developed countries should take measures to curb climate change processes that will lead to reduction and even disappearance of species and animals;
- Granting more funds for scientific research and practical actions in all countries to reduce dumping gas into the atmosphere;
- Use of transport-based biofuel, according to the current limitation of energy resources, which contributes greatly to environmental pollution;
- Developing technologies to prevent climate change, gas collection and conservation, waste, prevent accidents and disasters;
- Intensive planting of forests, the environmental actions in all states.
Measures of success: List three ways you will know that your project was successful
We believe that the judicial simulated process will have success, because it will deal with the current problems of climate change and will propose concrete measures to resolve environmental problems:
a) The thorough study of the literature and existing sources with reference to improve the environment.
b) Within the framework of this project will be involved high school students and other pre-university educational institutions, teachers, scientists from the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, journalists, students, parents and friends;
c) As a result of the our activity a message to world governments will be drew up to project measures to combat climate change;
d) The participants of the simulated judicial process will plant an alley of trees, which will become living witnesses of climate change in the future;
e) Students and adults will have the possibility to communicate effectively with reference to global environmental problems, as well as to those local and will propose solutions for improvement;
f) Students will organize a photo exhibition of materials, from magazines and internet, which will elucidate the environment and will sensitize the participants to work on environmental problems;
g) There will hold a press conference with representatives of developed governments countries that will propose solutions to combat climate change in the coming 10-15 years.
Describe how your service project takes your debate and makes it actionable.
The information presented in the judicial process will be useful in organizing public debates, but also in involving young people in studying environmental issues and proposing concrete ideas for solving the environmental problem of the community.
Also such activities will be organized at other school subjects. Students who were involved in work experience will send their research problem, and discuss other environmental issues in a round table and training other colleagues, where they will invite their friends and their parents, and community members, too.
The period of time March-April is designated for a number of actions in the bi-monthly environmental (planting trees, cleaning of parks, territories, the eve of aquatic ecology activities in rural areas, public debates etc..
What resources do you need to make it happen? Where will you get them?
Project resources will be used for planned budget, but the local economic agents will be asked to support young people, using volunteer labor, the parents etc.
List five ways you will engage your community - friends, family, neighborhood, city, school etc.
All participants of this activity will be motivated to participate with interest and help in practical undertaken activities. Owing to the fact that these participants make a single united team they will contribute to the strengthening of the image of the school community, family and will establish partnership relations with other organizations and state structures and NGO.
As part of activity, but also in the preparation stage we will apply to the help of specialists in the field at the Academy of Sciences of Moldova (Chairman - Mr. A. Duca), workers from the National Institute of Ecology (director Mr. D. Drumea), specialists in the field from the Ministry of Ecology, which will contribute to the review and evaluation of projects as well as the corrections for further improvement.
Mostly, the participants classmates will be motivated to participate in organizing and conducting the project, because they have a moral obligation to support colleagues and that is a lesson of life. They will present project ideas and ways of applying them in the community, and the results will be discussed in other activities. Their classmates will help to arrange the room, fixing furniture, etc.
Friends involved in this activity will contribute to taking pictures and making materials, posters and others.
We are convinced of the contribution and assistance of family members who will support the moral and financial part of the costs for project implementation, will participate actively in the implementation phase of projects.
We believe that the project will succeed if we will attract and motivate community members who will engage in supporting the completion of projects in the city.
The initiative at the Academy of Sciences of Moldova competition will ensure project continuity in the future.
How will you make sure that what you do on the day of your service project has a lasting effect?
The proposed project will have a successful lasting effect because:
- Students participating in the project will gain necessary skills for discussion and analysis of ecological problems, which they later use in organizing and implementing other projects in the community. Students participating in the activity will be stimulated in producing materials for completing the e-portfolio: communication thematic, drawings, pictures, videos, projects, letters, steps, articles etc.
- More than 10 students will work on a scientific thesis, which where will be studied topics related to environmental change, environmental education, education on law, etc..
- There will be formed groups of students who will participate in competitions and school Olympiads, municipal, republican and international issues related to global environment especially ecological ones;
- There will be prepared requirements addressed to specialists in the field, responsible for local bodies to find the key of environmental problems.
List the groups in your area that work to raise awareness and take action on your issue of focus. Will you collaborate with any of these groups? If so, how? If not, what are you doing that no one else is doing?
As a farther step we will work with several interest groups. Firstly, we will get involve in our activity young school people and pre-university students in the presentation and implementation of this projects which has environmental content, which we hope that will be supported by the government that will help to mobilize young people to achieve designed actions.
We are convinced that we will strengthen the partnership with NGO, local government that we expect to support the projects through the allocation of resources for its achievement;
We will work with specialists in the field at the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, who will present us necessary information and materials in research of environmental issues. In addition we hope that they will provide lessons for students, with references to environmental problems. In our actions we will alert the media correspondents, we will ask for help in writing and publishing articles and summaries about environmental activities in school and community.
Photo essay
Liceul Academiei de Ştiinţe a Moldovei, Republic of Moldova
1. Photo essay
Global warming uf obligation developed countries to combat climate change
ARGUMENT:
“It is man-made and it is essentially [caused by] fossil fuel burning,
Increased methane production… and so on.”
(Professor David King).
Climate change is happening and humans are contributing to it! No one disputes that Earth’s climate is changing or that atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased as a result of human activities. The concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are higher now than at any time during the last 420,000 years.
Overwhelming scientific evidence supports the conclusion that observed changes in the global climate are, in large part, due to human activities and primarily related to fossil-fuel consumption patterns. Without urgent action to curb greenhouse-gas emissions, the Earth will become warmer by 2050 than at anytime in the last 10,000 years.
Temperatures provide the clearest evidence that the climate is changing and globally the average temperature has risen by more than 0.7 °C over the last 100 years.
The natural greenhouse gas effect keeps Earth much warmer than it would otherwise be, without it Earth would be extremely cold. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor behave like a blanket around Earth. These gases allow the Sun’s rays to reach Earth’s surface but impede the heat they create from escaping back into space.
Any increases in the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere mean that more heat is trapped and global temperatures increase - an effect known as ‘global warming’.
There is indisputable evidence from observations that the Earth is warming. Concentrations of CO2, created largely by the burning of fossil fuels, are now much higher, and increasing at a much faster rate, than at any time in the last 600,000 years. Because CO2 is a greenhouse gas, the increased concentrations have contributed to the recent warming and probably most of the warming over the last 50 years..
The rise in global surface temperature has averaged more than 0.15 °C per decade since the mid-1970s. Warming has been unprecedented in at least the last 50 years, and the 17 warmest years have all occurred in the last 20 years. This does not mean that next year will necessarily be warmer than last year, but the long-term trend is for rising temperatures.
A simple mathematical calculation of the temperature change over the latest decade (1998-2007) alone shows a continued warming of 0.1 °C per decade. The warming trend can be seen in the graph of observed global temperatures. The red bars show the global annual surface temperature, which exhibit year-to-year variability. The blue line clearly shows the upward trend, far greater than the uncertainties, which are shown as thin black bars. The recent slight slowing of the warming is due to a shift towards more-frequent La Niña conditions in the Pacific since 1998. These bring cool water up from the depths of the Pacific Ocean, cooling global temperatures.
The purpose of the research: The ample studying of the projects from the ecological problems compartment, especially those concerning climate change and its influence on Earth’s future. 
The current climate change is not just part of a natural cycle. Earth’s climate is complex and influenced by many things, particularly changes in its orbit, volcanic eruptions, and changes in the energy emitted from the Sun. It is well known that the world has experienced warm or cold periods in the past without any interference from humans. The ice ages are good examples of global changes to the climate, and warm periods have seen grapes grown across much of Britain.
Over the several hundred thousand years covered by the ice core record, the temperature changes were primarily driven by changes in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. Over this period, changes in temperature did drive changes in carbon dioxide (CO2). Since the Industrial Revolution (over the last 100 years), CO2 concentrations have increased by 30% due to human-induced emissions from fossil fuels. The bottom line is that temperature and CO2 concentrations are linked. In recent ice ages, natural changes in the climate, such as those due to orbit changes, led to cooling of the climate system. This caused a fall in CO2 concentrations which weakened the greenhouse effect and amplified the cooling. Now the link between temperature and CO2 is working in the opposite direction. Human-induced increases in CO2 are driving the greenhouse effect and amplifying the recent warming.
The Earth is heated by the sun; solar radiation passes through the atmosphere and is absorbed at the Earth’s surface (except for a small portion that is reflected back into space). This heat is readily lost; it is emitted from the surface as infra-red radiation. Fortunately, this infra-red radiation cannot escape the atmosphere as easily as the solar radiation can enter. Instead, some of it is ‘trapped’ by a number of gases; these gases act in a similar, yet different, way to the glass in a greenhouse - heat is allowed in but cannot get out - hence we have the ‘Greenhouse Effect’. Were it not for this natural greenhouse effect the Earth would be at least 30°C cooler and life as we know it would not exist. Unfortunately, recent human activities are enhancing the natural greenhouse effect. The concentrations of certain greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are increasing therefore more of the infra-red radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface is being trapped. The planet is losing less heat and as a result we are beginning to experience “Global Warming”. The major greenhouse gases are: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFCs (and their replacements), and ozone. Some of these occur naturally, some result only from human activity, while others occur both naturally and as a result of human activity. The contribution of each gas to the greenhouse effect is a function of three factors: Atmospheric lifetime - simply, how many years the gas remains active in the atmosphere; Global warming potential (GWP) - a relative measure of how effective the gas is at preventing the passage of infra-red radiation; Atmospheric concentration - usually measured in parts per million.
If we continue emitting greenhouse gases this warming will continue and delaying action will make the problem more difficult to fix. The global average temperature will increase by 2 to 3 °C this century – according to one of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) mid-range estimates (blue line on the graph below). This rise in temperature means that the Earth will experience a greater climate change than it has for at least 10,000 years and it would be difficult for many people and ecosystems to adapt to this rapid change.
A major source of carbon dioxide is the power plants. These power plants emit large amounts of carbon dioxide produced from burning of fossil fuels for the purpose of electricity generation. Coal is the major fuel that is burnt in these power plants. Coal produces around 1.7 times as much carbon dioxide per unit of energy when flamed as does natural gas and 1.25 times as much as oil. The coal gives out eighty percent more carbon per unit of energy it produces as compared to natural gas. Another major source of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the emission from the cars and other vehicles. About twenty percent of carbon dioxide emitted in the atmosphere comes from burning of gasoline in the engines of the vehicles. This is true for most of the developed countries. Moreover if sports bike and vehicles that are essentially designed for rough terrain, emit more carbon dioxide when used for general purpose on roads.
It is always better to use vehicles designed for city driving on the city roads. Buildings, both commercial and residential represent a larger source of global warming pollution than cars and trucks. Building of these structures requires a lot of fuel to be burnt which emits a large amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
The second major greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide, which causes global warming, is Methane. Methane is more than 20 times as effectual as CO2 at entrapping heat in the atmosphere. Methane is obtained from resources such as rice paddies, bovine flatulence, bacteria in bogs and fossil fuel manufacture. Almost in all parts of the world, rice is grown on flooded fields. When fields are flooded, anaerobic situation build up and the organic matter in the soil decays, releasing methane to the atmosphere. Nitrous oxide, which is a colourless gas with a sweet odour, is another green house gas. The main sources of nitrous oxide include nylon and nitric acid production, cars with catalytic converters, the use of fertilizers in agriculture and the burning of organic matter. Greater emissions of nitrous oxides in the recent decades is leading global warming
Another major cause of global warming is deforestation. Deforestation is to be blamed for 25% of all carbon dioxide release entering the atmosphere, by the cutting and burning of about 34 million acres of trees each year. Trees collect the CO2 that we breathe out and give away from various other sources, and they give back oxygen that we breathe in. Thus, cutting of trees is leading to greater concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Greater urbanization, requirement of land for factories and buildings, requirement of timber are all reasons that are leading to deforestation, which in turn is leading to global warming.
These temperature increases are likely to result in an increased frequency and severity of weather events such as heat waves, storms and flooding. Rising levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere could set in motion large-scale changes in Earth’s natural systems. Some of these could be irreversible - the melting of large ice sheets will result in major consequences for low-lying areas throughout the world
Conclution:
Are the developing countries responsible for global warming?
To answer the above question the need to understand the concept of Global warming, its consequences, steps taken to curb global warming and the contribution of the developing nations towards the same. 
Developing countries including China and India were asked to set voluntary targets for greenhouse gas emissions. Contribution of the developing nations: The US and Australia have refused to ratify the Kyoto protocol, arguing it would damage their economy. Developing countries also argue that they should not be denied the right to develop their economies, which inevitably means an increase in energy consumption. They also say that the burden of responsibility for current climate change lies with developed nations, whose industrial activities over the past century are largely blamed for increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The question today is: Are only the developing countries responsible for global warming?
Golub Natalia.
Photo essay
Liceul Academiei de Ştiinţe a Moldovei, Republic of Moldova
Subject: The G8 has a huge historical responsibility for causing climate change
Developed countries frequently outsource manufacturing/emissions to developing countries. For this reason, developed countries should not be treated on equal terms, and developing countries should be given exemptions for the dirty outsourcing for foreign countries. China has complained, on this point, that it is "the place where the US effectively outsourcers much of its pollution." It has called for joint international responsibility for at least part of China's emissions, and has made public, in Jan 2008, 130 violations of Chinese environmental law committed by multinationals in China. Other developing countries have a similar problem, in which they are accused of polluting too much, when they are merely the manufacturing engine of developed countries that outsource to them.
Introduction
Global warming is the increase of average world temperatures as a result of what is known as the greenhouse effect. Certain gases in the atmosphere act like glass in a greenhouse, allowing sunlight through to heat the earth's surface but trapping the heat as it radiates back into space. As the greenhouse gases build up in the atmosphere the Earth gets hotter.
One of the main greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide (CO2). As trees grow they take in CO2 from the air. When the wood dies the CO2 is returned to the air. Forest clearance and wood burning (such as happens in tropical rain forests) is increasing the latter half of the process, adding to the CO2 in the atmosphere. Deforestation is now out of control. For example in 1987 an area of the Amazon rain forest the size of Britain was burned, adding 500 million tones of CO2 to the atmosphere. The loss of the forests also means that there are fewer trees to absorb CO2. The recent fires in Indonesia, with more than a million hectares of forest ablaze, thanks to fires set deliberately by logging companies, are likely to have an effect on global climate, but the more immediate effect has been the cloud of smog which enveloped much of south-east Asia during September and early October 1997. However, as large a contribution as deforestation makes, it causes less than half the yearly total of CO2 , the rest comes from the burning of coal, oil and other fossil fuels.
These fossil fuels are burned in cars, power stations and factories of the wealthier nations such as the USA, Western Europe and the USSR. Televisions, lights and computers use electricity that is created mainly from burning coal. Every time we switch on a light we are adding to the greenhouse effect. Cars are also major sources of CO2. The average European is responsible for nearly 2.5 times as much atmospheric carbon as a Latin American. The concentration of CO2 has increased 25% since the industrial revolution; half of this rise has been in the last 30 years. It is expected to double within decades. When sunlight reaches Earth's surface some is absorbed and warms the earth and most of the rest is radiated back to the atmosphere at a longer wavelength than the sun light. Some of these longer wavelengths are absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere before they are lost to space.
The absorption of this longwave radiant energy warms the atmosphere. These greenhouse gases act like a mirror and reflect back to the Earth some of the heat energy which would otherwise be lost to space. The reflecting back of heat energy by the atmosphere is called the "greenhouse effect". The major natural greenhouse gases are water vapor, which causes about 36-70% of the greenhouse effect on Earth (not including clouds); carbon dioxide CO2, which causes 9-26%; methane, which causes 4-9%, and ozone, which causes 3-7%. It is not possible to state that a certain gas causes a certain percentage of the greenhouse effect, because the influences of the various gases are not additive. Other greenhouse gases include, but are not limited to, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, hydro fluorocarbons, per fluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (see above) act like a mirror and reflect back to the Earth a part of the heat radiation, which would otherwise be lost to space. The higher the concentration of green house gases like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the more heat energy is being reflected back to the Earth. The emission of carbon dioxide into the environment mainly from burning of fossil fuels (oil, gas, petrol, kerosene, etc.) has been increased dramatically over the past 50 years, see graph below.
Increasing global temperatures are causing a broad range of changes. Sea levels are rising due to thermal expansion of the ocean, in addition to melting of land ice. Amounts and patterns of precipitation are changing. The total annual power of hurricanes has already increased markedly since 1975 because their average intensity and average duration have increased (in addition, there has been a high correlation of hurricane power with tropical sea-surface temperature).
Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns increase the frequency, duration, and intensity of other extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, heat waves, and tornadoes. Other effects of global warming include higher or lower agricultural yields, further glacial retreat, reduced summer stream flows, species extinctions. As a further effect of global warming, diseases like malaria are returning into areas where they have been extinguished earlier.
Although global warming is affecting the number and magnitude of these events, it is difficult to connect specific events to global warming. Although most studies focus on the period up to 2100, warming is expected to continue past then because carbon dioxide (chemical symbol CO2) has an estimated atmospheric lifetime of 50 to 200 years.
Success or failure in any effort to effectively confront global climate change will hinge on a truly global solution to reducing emissions worldwide. That requires U.S. leadership to take the necessary first step to cut our own greenhouse gas emissions at home as we meaningfully engage those developing nations that are least responsible and least equipped to cope with the adverse effects of climate change. Yet given the global nature of climate change, it is also essential that all of the largest greenhouse gas-emitting nations—developed and developing countries alike—commit to reducing emissions.
The path forward to engaging developing countries is clear—the United States must commit to binding greenhouse gas emissions reductions immediately. At the same time, we must provide adaptation assistance to enable poorer and more vulnerable developing countries to deal with the disproportionate costs of global warming on the developing world, and, on an appropriate timeline, urge major emitting developing economies to make commitments to reduce their own greenhouse gas emissions.
Against this backdrop, the Energy and Air Quality Subcommittee of the House Energy and Commerce Committee today convenes a timely hearing focused on how best to engage developing countries through a new international climate regime that prices the cost of polluting into the price of manufactured goods. The subcommittee is particularly interested in examining the potential effect of a U.S. carbon cap-and-trade program on the competitiveness of American products in international markets.
Several greenhouse gas-intensive industries in the United States, such as aluminum, cement, iron, steel, and glass, have expressed legitimate concern that their products will be placed at a competitive disadvantage if developing countries not participating in an international climate regime (with its potentially higher costs of production associated with carbon limits) are allowed to import cheaper products into the United States. Workers in these industries not surprisingly share these concerns.
In response, numerous unilateral trade-related measures have been proposed as a means to level the competitive playing field for U.S. industry. Trade measures, however, can be a powerful but blunt tool for addressing competitiveness issues. It is worth bearing in mind that our trading partners are likely to respond to our proposals with corresponding enthusiasm for reciprocal measures taken against U.S. products, and for protecting their own domestic industries.
The upshot: Our efforts to utilize unilateral trade measures to engage developing countries must be carefully and cautiously constructed, implemented as a last resort, and based on core principles consistent with our existing international obligations.
It is important to slow the warming as much as possible. This means using less fossil fuel, eliminating CFCs altogether, and slowing down deforestation.
This can be achieved best through energy conservation, including better use of public transport and cleaner, more efficient cars; and energy efficiency by greater use of gas which produces less CO2 than coal and oil, and through renewable energy such as solar power. We need to stop destroying rain forests (deforestation) and start replanting trees (afforestation) to soak up carbon dioxide.
A United Nations panel has estimated that we need to reduce global fuel use by 60% immediately in order to stabilise the climate. Current commitments by those governments participating in CO2 reduction will only lower global CO2 by 4 - 6%. Although the developed industrialised nations still produce most CO2, the rapidly developing nations of South America and Asia are increasing their CO2 production at a much higher rate, and by 2010 they will overtake the West as the main producers of CO2.
The developing countries are reluctant to participate in any CO2 emission reduction plans, arguing that they did not create global warming and that it is the responsibility of developed countries to cut their own emissions or to support developing countries with financial aid. Oil producing countries - including a significant lobby in the US - are also reluctant to have their sales reduced and have protested against action on climate change.
Conclusion
The U.S. approach to engaging developing countries in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions must be proactive and comprehensive. As a necessary first step, the United States has a responsibility to demonstrate leadership and commit to binding greenhouse gas emission reductions. A higher priority must be placed on incorporating adaptation assistance into overall U.S. climate strategy at the domestic and international levels.
Trade-related measures to address competitiveness concerns at home must be used cautiously and with restraint. Measures should be narrowly targeted to address only greenhouse gas-intensive products widely traded in the global economy. Finally, the United States must redouble its efforts to encourage the transfer of clean technology and capacity-building assistance to developing countries while seeking cooperation with our trading partners to make the rules of the WTO multilateral trade regime more flexible.
The efforts of the United States to combat global warming and engage developing countries must not be contingent on the actions of other nations. We must never use the relative progress of other countries at different levels of development and in different circumstances as an excuse for our own inaction. The United States has the capacity and know-how today to cut our emissions and assist developing country adaptation to climate change and participation in reducing emissions on a global scale.
We can and will accomplish these goals while preserving U.S. competitiveness in greenhouse gas intensive products traded internationally. Together, we can confront the challenge of climate change, ensure a strong global economy, and encourage the growth of clean energy worldwide.
Realized by:
Ciobanu Cristina, Vasilache Ecaterina, 12 Ec 2
четверг, 23 апреля 2009 г.
Efectele cresterii temperaturii medii globale
Cresterea temperaturii ameninta milioane de oameni cu aparitia foametei, malariilor, inundatiilor, furtunilor puternice si lipsa apei potabile.
Ar provoca un val de calduri mai ales prin statele slab-dezvoltate de pe continentele: Africa, Asia si America de Sud.
Numarul secetelor s-a dublat in ultimii 35 de ani.
S-ar topi calota glaciara
Ar creste numarul inundatiilor in unele zone si ar lipsi total apa potabila
30% din ghetarii Europei ar diparea
Foarte multe insule ar fi acaparate de catre ape
Sezonul de iarna ar deveni mai scurt, iar practicarea sporturilor de iarna foarte scumpe
Ar disparea paduri si specii (aproximativ 1000000), ceea ce ar afecta intreagaa Planeta si pe fiecare locuitor al ei, deoarece costurile alimentare ar creste exceptional.
Sfaturi pentru prevenirea Incalzirii Globale
Informatiile si calculele au fost expuse de catre prezentatorii meteo din Europa, implicati in proiectul “Voi controlati schimbarile climatice”
Sper ca intreprinzind aceste simple masuri vom reusi sa facem viata noastra si a celor din jur mai buna
пятница, 20 марта 2009 г.
Dezbaterea publica la Liceul Academiei de Stiinte a Moldovei
Pe data de 21 martie 2009 în cadrul Liceul Academiei de Ştiinţe va avea loc dezbaterea publica în cadrul proiectului internaţional lansat de către ONU cu tema:
“Statele mari ar trebui sa fie responsabile de stoparea procesului de incalzire globala”
Echipa care sustine aceast fapt va trebui sa demonstreze ca implicarea statelor inalt-dezvoltate ar trebui sa se implice foarte activ si sa fie resposabile si perfect constiente de faptul ca ei trebuie sa stopeze procesul incalzirii globale. Afirmatorii vor aduce argumente in vederea faptului ca statele mari, cu o industrie bine-dezvoltata au fost si cei care au provocat incalzirea globala prin actiunile din trecut.
Negatorii vor avea sarcina de a-si sustine punctul de vedere ca prolema incalzirii globale este una prea importanta si prea responsabila pentru a o incredinta doar citorva state. Celelalte tari nu ar trebui sa lase de o parte problema data, ea fiind una care ne afecteaza pe toti si pe fiecare in parte. Din aceasta cauza proiectele de reducere a consumului de hidrocarburi trebuie sa se implementeze peste tot si noi trebuie sa globalizăm actiunile, poate nesemnificative, dar care intr-un numar mare vor putea schimba lumea. In solutionarea problemei are importanta anume numarul mare si cantiatea. Astfel daca se vor realiza actiuni din partea tuturor problema va fi solutionata!
Noi, elevii de la Liceul Academiei de Stiinte ne vom stradui in urmatoarele luni sa intreprindem mai multe actiuni pentru a populariza ideea incalzirii globale. Noi vom incerca prin mai multe metode sa ajutama oamenii sa inteleaga imporanta problemii incalzirii globale si cum sa ajutam fiecare in solutionarea acesteia.
Rezultatele acestei dezbateri captivante vor fi mentionate in urmatorul articol.
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